Figure 1 Economic development stages, CEMR countries, euro area
GDP per capita current prices, annual change
Figure 2 High general government expenditure in the European welfare states
Figure 3 General government debt and net borrowing, 2020
Figure 4 Country population and
municipality (first tier government) population size, 2020
Figure 5 Regional differences: ratio of GDP per capita in richest and poorest NUTS2 region,
2019, change between 2010-2019
Figure 6 Stable level of decentralisation in CEMR countries, 2010-2020
Subnational and local government expenditure as % of general government expenditure and GDP
Figure 7 Increased local spending in more decentralised countries
Subnational government expenditure as % of general government expenditure,
2020, changes 2010-2020
Figure 8 Composition of local and regional*/ government expenditure by function
Local governments, average, 2019
Figure 8 Composition of local and regional*/ government expenditure by function
Regional governments, average, 2019
Figure 9 Human services dominate local expenditure, 2019
Figure 10 Scope of decentralisation and standardised local current expenditure, 2018
Figure 11 High subnational government capital investment responsibilities
Capital expenditure and decentralisation, 2020 (most recent year )
Figure 12 Impact of the crises: diverse subnational capital expenditure policies over the decade (2010-2020/most recent year)
Changes in capital expenditure between 2010-2020 (subnational share as a % in general government capital expenditure)
Figure 13 Subnational tax decentralisation, 2010-2020
Subnational taxes as a % of total tax revenue
Figure 14 Grant dependency, 2020 and changes between 2010-2020
Grants as % of total subnational revenue
Figure 15 Income and property tax-based local tax systems, 2020
Figure 16 Restructuring local taxation 2010-2020:
a) from tax on products towards property tax
b) from property tax to income taxation
Figure 17 Experimenting with tax on income
Figure 18 Move towards tax on land, buildings
Figure 19 Autonomy in setting the majority of local government taxes, 2018
Figure 20 Managing government deficit, selected CEMR countries, 2010-2020
Net borrowing(-)/net lending(+) as % of GDP by government tier
Figure 21 Lower impact of pandemic on subnational government borrowing
Subnational borrowing (-)/lending(+) as % of GDP, 2010, 2020
Figure 22 Fiscal Rules Index, EU countries, 2019
Figure 23 Open Budget Index, 2019
Figure 24 Lower corruption coincides with higher decentralisation
(subnational expenditure as % of general government expenditure)
Figure 25 Statistical Performance Indicator, 2019
Figure 26 Subnational expenditure and RRF grants per capita
Figure 27 RRF grant spending by pillar, Primary
Figure 27 RRF grant spending by pillar, Secondary
Figure 28 Share of green transition expenditure and decentralisation
Figure 29 Share of RRF grants by country and decentralisation (selected primary pillars)
Figure 30 Share of RRF grants by country and decentralisation (selected secondary pillar)
Figure 31 Expenditure supporting green transition by policy area
Figure 32 Social and territorial cohesion pillar: expenditure by policy area
Figure 33 Territorial infrastructure, rural development and decentralisation
Figure 34 Health and resilience pillar: expenditure by policy area
Figure 35 Ratio of next generation grants and share of education expenditure in local budgets
Figure 36 Clean power, digital public services and decentralisation
